Pearl Harbor – Address to the Nation

In the United States back in 1941, the nation was already under stress. The nation survived the baby boom, but also just suffered the â€Å"Great Depression† which led American’s to being on their toes. The United States thirty-second president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was elected for a third term in 1940. After a horrible decade; the Great Depression, Baby Boom, the Race Riots in Chicago and the Holocaust occurring in Germany, the United States was very permissive. In the year 1941, President Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act, which in turn allows the United States to aid allies in military supplies.On December 7th, 1941 a horrible even took place on Pearl Harbor, which is the Naval Base for the U. S. Pacific Fleet, which is located on southern coast of Oahu, Hawaii. The Japanese suddenly attacked the United States. On that cold December 7th day in 1941, Pearl Harbor was at it’s usual pace. From flying aircrafts to sailing military ships. Then the Japanese aircr aft planes launched bombers and torpedoes on Pearl Harbor. There were three separate waves executed for conquer against Pearl Harbor. Although the attack was unexpected at that time. All the facts were presented in a timely manner.In which the actions of the US military when they stopped shipments of airplanes, machine tools, parts, and aviation gasoline from China. The Japanese saw this as a hostile act. After the attacks from the Japanese the rises in fatalities was devastating to the Americans. About 2,402 military personnel were killed, 57 civilians killed, 1,247 military wounded, and 35 civilians wounded. This was the start of World War II. After the attacks on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt performed a speech to the American’s that he was called Pearl Harbor Address To the Nation, given on December 8th, 1941.This announcement was published in the United States under the watchful eye of the President, his cabinet members and the people of congress. The potential audie nce for this argument is the people of America. This is because one the attack occurred on US soil, two it would affect everyone as a whole nation, and three many people were involved in the military. FDR first gave a speech to Congress to declare war with Japan, and then later presented the speech with Congress by his side.

Qualities of a Good Book Essay

Personally, I think the qualities of a good book are many, and diverse. To be good, I think a book should relate to life experiences, give the audience something they can relate to and empathize with, to help them learn something that will help them in their life. Yet, the book should do this in such a way that not only does it act as a window into the human world, yet also offer escapism. It should have a character that the readers can identify with, in a way that they imagine what it is like to be the character themselves. Though, the character should be normal enough to identify with, yet special enough to go on adventures (in fictional books) and unique in their own ways. Another factor that comes into play in the qualities of a good book is the fact that it should captivate the reader; should be wholly absorbing and keep the readers not only reading the first few pages but reading till the very end. I myself have left many books through the middle, seeing as they had lost my interest. A good book should have a very unique original plot and story line. The readers should be able to enjoy what they are reading; and to do that the story must be original, since I (and presumably many others) find no pleasure in reading books with similar or identical plots of situations. Not only that, but the plot must have twists and tensions to make the book more appealing to the human minds analyzing it. A good plot never comes without tensions in my point of view- it should be a whole package. The book should keep the readers on edge, reading and turning page after page wanting to know what will happen next. That, for me, is the post important quality a book should have. It is quite easy to get the interest of many people into reading a book, but to have the readers finish it anxiously till the very last page is something that takes skill, talent and quality, and not all have those critical traits. Thus, tensions to say the least, are a must, since the book should give you something to think about. A good book is unpredictable. What’s the point in reading a book where one can easily predict the ending, or the future events that were to happen? The book should keep your mind flooded with options, keep the reader pondering, yet at the same time throw the reader completely off guard when the time comes. It should be exciting, surprising, flabbergasting and memorable; the reader should absentmindedly be able to causally cross a situation and remember and think of the book. A great book is inexhaustible, so no reading of it is a final reading, and no discussion ever runs it dry. You can never say you’re done with it except in a provisional sense. If you take a break and come back to it, you’ll find more in it. Good grammar and style are also very important- A great book is well crafted. For me, I like to read the best which has been thought and said. For us, the two have to go together. It needs to be clear and straight to the point- the reader must understand it with undying clarity. What if somebody had a great idea but wrote about it badly? We need to be able to lean on every sentence, and not have it suddenly give way and crumble beneath the weight of our analysis. The style is also important, as well as the meaning behind the words. I should be clear, yet with a twinge of mysterious in it, yet not confuse and baffle the reader with bad grammar or sequencing. â€Å"Well, he said this, but maybe he meant something else. † Last but not least, I think a good book should always have romance and drama. If not, even a little romantic twist always fills in the empty gaps, don’t you think?

Good and Bad Stress Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good and Bad Stress Final - Research Paper Example Professions related to criminal justice are enlisted among the most stressful professions. This is partly because the nature of job exposes the ones involved to all kinds of social and psychological stressors. However, stress in the professions of criminal justice differs from the stress encountered by people in other professions in that the effects of stress don’t show up immediately. In a vast majority of cases, the stress is post-traumatic in type. The highest mean scores of the stressors are experienced by the officers who have been six and ten years of experience in the profession of criminal justice. (Violanti & Aron, 1995). This paper explores the good and bad stresses in the profession of criminal justice. Sleye (1975) has identified two kinds of stress; good stress and bad stress. Good stress is also known as eustress while another name for bad stress is distress. One of the most fundamental traits that makes the good stress experienced by officers in all professions of criminal justice in general and in police in particular different from the good stress experienced by other professionals is that in criminal justice area, it is as bad or even worse as compared to the bad stress. This is because of the fact that the people belonging to the professions of criminal justice are authorized and empowered to provide people with justice. With power comes responsibility. This is the reason why people get higher salaries and more benefits in the professions of criminal justice. However, the same benefits and luxuries associated with these professions sometimes cause huge burden upon one’s conscience if one is not satisfied with one’s performance. â€Å"High points in life can t urn into disasters. You feel guilty, you party, you spend, you gamble, you drink, you go into more debt, and these are the times when you start looking to fool around† (O’Connor, 2010). Bad stress in the criminal justice professions occurs because of several reasons which

Security Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words - 1

Security Management - Research Paper Example This evaluation is often referred to as Return on Investment (ROI) in finance. The Return on Investment is calculated by: The concept of Return on Investment is applicable to all investments in an organization. Security sector of an organization is never an exception. The executive decision makers of organizations often have the interest to know the impact of security on the bottom-line operations of the firm. It is imperative to know how much the lack of security in an organization costs the firm before deciding on the amounts of capital to invest on security. The firm thereafter decides on the most cost effective solutions to its security woes. When applied to the security sector of the firm, a Return on Security Investment (ROSI) calculation provides quantitative answers to a firm’s essential financial questions. The Return on Security Investment aids the organization to determine if it spends too much on its security bids. It informs the organization on the financial impact on productivity that the lack of security could cause. Additionally, Return on Security Investment calculation aids the firm’s management to know the extent to which the security investment is enough (Bruce, 2008). Finally, ROSI gives the firm an overview on the benefits of the security product or system. This task looks at security management issues, dissecting aspects of ROSI with reference to Blackberry Company. Blackberry Company is a Canadian wireless equipment and telecommunication company with a reputation of developing Blackberry brands of tablets and hand-held phones. The company was originally known as Research in Motion (RIM). The company’s dominance in the United States market once stood at 43% of the market share. This dominance has precipitously declined in the recent past due to intense competition from Google’s Android and Apple’s iPhone brands. By 2013, the company’s US

Fords marketing strategy The Way Forward Case Study - 1

Fords marketing strategy The Way Forward - Case Study Example This research will begin with the statement that Ford is one of the top ten leading global brands in terms of revenue.   In 2008 to 2009 however, Ford and the automotive industry, in general, experienced difficulty. Its competitors Chrysler and General Motors declared bankruptcy and the company itself is in danger experiencing a substantial decline in sales of 23.4 percent in 2008 to 2009. In an attempt to jump-start sales and save the company, Ford’s new CEO, Man Mulally the former EVP of Boeing (who incidentally helped saved the company’s declining sales after 9/11 attack) implemented a marketing strategy dubbed â€Å"The Way Forward† which served as the company’s blueprint to overcome the 2008-2009 crisis. There are several marketing issues in Ford’s marketing strategy â€Å"The Way Forward†. These are market segmentation, refocused marketing effort and pricing in addition to cutting costs. Perhaps what saved Ford from bankruptcy during the very difficult time of 2008-2009 crisis was its decision to refocus its marketing efforts towards emerging markets. Not only did the company experienced an increase in sales during this difficult time but it also saved on cost when it sold its Volvo subsidiary to leave its maturing market in Europe. As it turned out, it had to keep up with the challenge of the increasing demand rather than get anxious about declining sales.  

The Soloist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Soloist - Essay Example has long escaped from it, being more disposed to unconventional living where he is caught between schizophrenia and the will which Lopez desperately helps him with for the revival of his exceptional talent and passion for music. The story identifies the premise in the musician’s yielding to profess virtuosity at the time the effect, unconsciously leads him beyond norm. Accordingly thus, his schizophrenic behavior necessarily reflects significant disturbance in the manner he wanders about with his instrument and in an odious external, deed and talking which no real person with common logic seeks to afford. A mentally disordered individual in Nathaniel’s case, may be found to exhibit symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behavior (DSM Criteria). The film gives evidence to the fourth sign showing Ayers to have a rather crudely embellished outfit, that strikes an abiding impression as both bizarre and beaten up like his wagon of improvised percussions awkwardly set up. Characterized by unwieldy facial gestures, some repressed desire manifests through his overall countenance. Visual hallucinations have had recurrences in his childhood, the varying instances of which have one element in common. At the early stage of his deepening struggle, Nathaniel sees a rolling cart of fire by the window when he was by himself playing cello one evening. Likewise, when Steve sends him over to watch a classical concerto, he perceives flashes of colorful lights in the middle of raptures, having transported the symphonies to his full attention, earn ing remembrance of his fondness for Beethoven. The time he gets the chance to perform with a live audience however, just when he’s about to hit the bow on string, a brilliant light passing the slits of the upper deck collides his eyes. It comes too bright to blind a sight away from the rest that subsequently makes him recollect an act of rudeness toward his sister, a scene at daybreak

Analyzing a Corporate Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Analyzing a Corporate Information System - Essay Example The processed information is called as Output. The output is then reviewed and processed by the appropriate members of the organisation to evaluate and refine the input. This is called feedback. In todays environment, information and technology have become a critical component of successful businesses and organisations (Avison, 2003). Most of the organisations are now relying upon the information systems in their day-to-day operations, management decisions and other business activities. Information technology can improve the quality of health care by providing the new ways for the patient to access the heath related information at any time and at any place. By this chapter, we are taking the first step in increasing our understanding about IT, and how IT affects the health care industry (Glickman, 2007). IT or Information technology is basically the use of computers and software to manage information in an organization (Schneider). In some companies it is referred to as Management Information system (MIS). The basic job of any IT department in an organization is to set up systems to process information, ensure data security, create information storage and retrieval mechanism and ensure error free flow of information to the relevant stakeholders. Early use of IT was as simple as computing the totals of the sales done by a merchant in a day. However, with growth of technology companies have been using IT more rigorously for better accuracy and speed of an activity. The growth of IT in organizations started first with the use of computers and later went on to the use of communication systems. With the growth of networking, organizations strived to implement these so as to achieve maximum efficiencies. IT today is a vehicle for making substantial changes in organizations, markets and the economy (Lucas, 2001). The basic purpose of any organization is to either manufacture a product or to provide a service to its

Financial Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Decision Making - Essay Example Therefore, it won't be an exaggeration to say that finance is the lifeblood of all enterprises. This is particularly so when economics are undergoing structural changes and economic reforms are in the making to introduce greater elements of competitive forces. In a competitive environment managers are faced with a challenge to compete for resources and to find a better utilization of such resources. Finance is a specialized subject in itself but it draws heavily on other related functions like marketing, production, personnel, purchase etc. Drury (2004, p.5) states "Management accounting is concerned with the provision of information to people within the organization to help them make better decisions and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of existing operations" (Lev, 2001) stated that existing financial accounting standards sharply distinguish between physical and intangible assets. While physical assets (e.g., property, plant, and equipment) are valued on the balance sheet at the price paid to obtain them, less accumulated depreciation, intangible "assets" are expensed as incurred. Accounting is therefore considered an integral part of the knowledge management within an organization. ... What mix of equity and debt to use How much financial risk to take Making a calculated financial decision makes a big difference between a prosperous and growing business and a liability. The prime function of a management executive in a business organization is decision-making and forward planning. Decision making means the process of selecting one action from two or more alternative courses of action whereas forward planning involves means establishing plans for the future. The question of choice arises because resources such as capital, land, labor and management are limited and can be employed in alternative uses. The manager is thus supposed to analyze the past data, current information and the estimates about future predicted as best as possible. This application of economic theory to business management is known as managerial economics. This is micro-economic in character as the unit of study is the company. The following aspects are said to be generally under the ambit of managerial economics; Demand analysis and forecasting Cost and production analysis Pricing decisions, policies and practices Profit management Capital management. Often a distinction is made between management accounting and financial accounting. Management accounting measures and reports financial and non-financial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of the organization. Its focus is on internal reporting. On the other hand financial accounting is considered to have a focus on reporting to external parties. It measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements that are based on the 'Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)'. Therefore managers are responsible for the financial statements

Experimental economics, summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental economics, summary paper - Essay Example The people bidding do not know the reserve price. Another rule is that the seller cannot bid on himself to avoid prices going up artificially. This practice is unethical and illegal. â€Å"No auction house that values its reputation – and the long run profits its reputation secures – would systematically engage in this practice† (Ashenfelter). The fact that reserve prices are kept secret is considered by many an illogical tactic. This occurs because the most dominant strategy used is to bid up in regards to the true valuation of the object which makes the optimal reserve price identical irrelevant of the reserve price being known or kept a secret. Another variable that must be considered in the English auction system is buy-in rates. Sometimes buy-in rates are high despite the fact that the reserve price is also high. These types of sellers are looking to maximize their profit both in terms of final price and buy-in revenues. Auctions that are able to get a lot o f bidders to buy-in generate greater profits than places with few bidders participating in the game. Low turnout of bidders is an undesirable marketplace. When this occurs many sellers prefer to take their items off the market temporarily to protect themselves against collusion from the buyers in an attempt to depress the price. The highest bidding in an auction is only accepted if the bid ends up exceeding the reserve price.

Different behavioral pattern Essay Example for Free

Different behavioral pattern Essay People from different countries have different behavioral pattern, depending upon their culture, values and ethics. They develop their mannerism from these factors. If we take into account Americans, Japanese, and Saudi Arabian and try and find out how they behave on one particular way, specially when making contact with each other while talking. We can make out amongst them who are who. An American will try and make himself stand at distance he will try to adjust himself at a comfortable position from the person he is talking to at the same time he will try and maintain eye contact. A Japanese may shake hand and stand very close while talking but he usually keep his gaze down, unlike American where his habit of constantly gazing will make you feel as you are been screened. An Arab will like to be at a very close distance from the person he is talking to, may be as close as you can feel his breath, they also like lot of check-to-check social kissing, the Hollywood style. The body language do half the talking, we all know that. But for that, we have to understand cross-cultural differences, like the one stated above in which how the people from three different countries are behaving in a different manner. If we do not understand that then we might make the people we are talking to feel uncomfortable. As an American can make a Japanese uncomfortable with his continuous gaze, and similarly Arab can make American uncomfortable with his closeness. In some South American and Mediterranean societies eye contact, touching and smiling and standing at a foot distance is preferred style of communication where on the other hand in Northern Europe, a lingering gaze may feel invasive, manipulative or disgraceful, they chat at a distance of two and a half feet. If we look at Estonians, they are non-contact people. On the other hand, Russians are high contact people. So the reaction for each other is like, Russian feels Estonians are cold and Estonians feels Russians are pushy. Caucasians feels averting eye contact may be a gesture to hide misbehavior, where for Asian it’s a sign of respect. An American will suspect an unknown person who took a elevator with him and tries to smile and stand at a very close distance, where usually he would have taken another corner and gazed in space. Thus a very suspicious feeling for such person will arise. It is mostly seen this kind of behaviour from a criminal or from the patients of schizophrenia where he approaches and get closer to the other person more than usual. Be very sure the closer you let your stranger to be the more vulnerable you become. The spatial differences amongst cultures points more than self-protection. In Middle East people get the information about the strangers by their sense of smell and touch, which requires close approach. Americans, rely on visual information, therefore, they don’t need to be so close to the subject. They rather step back and see an intelligent whole picture of the person. Conversational distance tell us the about the standard greeting distance in each culture. The need for more or less space means something of the cultural temperament. There is gender difference also other than country difference. A woman seems to have more eye contact than men. Also a woman feel neglected if this conversational distance is too much. They feel that the partner is indifferent. With the businesses growing global a need for a new breed of consultants has immerged, who interpret to these globe-trotters of all nationalities the meaning and use of personal space. There are special classes also for this kind of cultural behaviour, which will be a great help to understand each other.

Amos Is Identified As The Prophet Amos Religion Essay

Amos Is Identified As The Prophet Amos Religion Essay Introduction: The author of the Book of Amos is identified as the prophet Amos. Amos was the first prophet in the Bible whose message was recorded at length. Although he came from a town in Judah, he preached to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel, about the middle of the eighth century B.C. The Book was likely written between 760 and 753 B.C. As a shepherd and a fruit picker from the Judean village of Tekoa, he was called by God, even though he lacks an education or a priestly background. His mission is directed to his neighbour to the north, Israel. It was a time of great prosperity, notable religious piety, and apparent security. But Amos saw that prosperity was limited to the wealthy, and that it fed on injustice and on oppression of the poor. Amos ministry takes place while Jeroboam II reign over Israel, and Uzziah reigns over Judah. Amos can see beneath Israels external prosperity and power; internally the nation is corrupt to the core. In short, they had forgotten what it meant to follow God. Amos took his uncompromising message straight to the religious authorities of his day, instead of listening to him, they threw him out. In the same way that Amos challenged the Israelites to reconsider their priorities, he challenges us in the climax to his book, and reminds us of what God wants (Amos 5:24). In this essay, I wish to write an introduction on the Book of Amos. Background and Meaning of Amos: The Book of Amos is set in a time when the people of Israel have reached a low point in their devotion to God. The people have become greedy and have stopped following and adhering to their values. The people in Amos time expected the day of the Lord to be a picnic; but Amos pointed a different picture of inescapable terror. Scholars have understood Amos image of Yahweh passing through the midst of the people of Israel as an allusion; to his passing through Egypt. They make reference in this regard to (Exodus 12:12). For I will pass through the midst of you; says Yahweh. According to Amos, Israel is guilty of injustice toward the innocent, poor and young women. As punishment Yahwehs vengeance would be directed against Israel, and the prophet warns his audience; Is not the day of the Lord darkness in it'(Amos 5:20). The day of the Lord was widely celebrated and highly anticipated by the followers of God. Amos came to tell the people that the day of the Lord was coming soon and that it meant divine judgement and justice for their iniquities. Structure and Theme: The nine chapters of the Book of Amos emphasize one central theme. The people o the nation of Israel has broken their covenant with God, and his judgement against their sin will be severe. In the first major section of the book, Amos begins with biting words of judgement against the six nations surrounding the lands of Judah and Israel. These nations are Damascus, Gaza, Tyre, Edom, Ammon and Moab. Next he announces Gods judgement against Judah, Israels sister nation to the South; and because of Israels bitterness toward Judah; Amos listener must have greeted this cry of doom with pleasant agreement. Further, the second major section of the book of Amos is the prophets three biting sermons of judgement against the nation of Israel (3:1 6:14). He referred to the wealthy, luxury-seeking women of Samaria the capital city of Israel as cows of Bashan (Amos 4:1). He also attacked the system of idol worship which king Jeroboam II had established in the cities of Bethel and Gilgal (Amos 4:4, 5:5). The situation clearly called for a courageous prophet who could call the nation back to authentic faith, as well as a policy of fairness and justice in their dealings with their fellow citizens. In the third major section, the prophet Amos presents five visions of Gods approaching judgement. The prophets vision of a basket of fruit is particularly graphic. Amos described the nation of Israel as a basket of summer fruit, implying that it would soon spoil and rut in the blistering sun of Gods judgement (8:1 14). Amos unquestioning obedience and his clear proclamation of Gods message show that he was committed to the Lord, and His principles of holiness and righteousness comes through clearly in the book. Amos made it plain that Israel would be judged severely unless the people turned from their sin and looked to the one true God for strength and guidance. The Book of Amos ends on a positive, optimistic note. Amos predicted that the people of Israel would be restored to their special place in Gods service after their season of judgement had come to an end (Amos 9:11-15). This note of hope is characteristic of the Hebrew prophets; they pointed to a glorious future for Gods people, even in the midst of dark times. Evaluation: The Book of Amos is one of the most eloquent cries for justice and righteousness to be found in the Bible. It came through a humble shepherd who dared to deliver Gods message to the wealthy and influential people of his day. Amos lived up to his name as he declared Gods message of judgement in dramatic fashion to a sinful and disobedient people. Amos message is just as timely for our world, since God still places a higher value on justice and righteousness. Amos spoke because the Lord had called him to deliver His message of judgement. This is one of the clearest statement of compulsion of the divine call to be found in the Bible. Conclusion: Amos is known as the great prophet of righteousness of the Old Testament. His book underlines the principle that religion demands righteous behaviour. True religion is not a matter of observing feast days, offering burnt offerings, and worshipping at sanctuary, but authentic worship results in changed behaviour, seeking Gods will, treating others with justice and following Gods command. A positive spirit, which issued from Amos deep faith in God sustained the prophet and gave him hope for the future. This great insight is summarized by these words from the prophet. Let justice run like water and righteousness like a mighty stream (5:24). Although Amos was a shepherd by occupation, his book gives evidence of careful literary craftsmanship. The technique which the prophet used was puns or plays on words to drive home his message. For example when the prophet talks about the summer fruit suggest the end of the kingdom of Israel; like ripe summer fruit, Israel was ripe for Gods judgement.

i Heard The Owl Call My Name And the Black Robe: The Indians :: essays research papers

"I Heard The Owl Call My Name" and "The Black Robe": The Indians Although the Indians in I Heard The Owl Call My Name, and in The Black Robe are primitive in the technological sense, they are neither simple or emotional people. The Indians in both texts could be classed as primitive people - if we take primitive to mean technologically underdeveloped. The level of technology possessed by the white man is far superior to that of the Indians, yet the Indians in The Black Robe are happy to accept and use muskets, and in I Heard The Owl Call My Name they are familiar with motors, washing machines and modern building techniques brought by white man. The Indians display their level of ignorance in regard to modern technology in The Black Robe, when the enemy tribe believed that muskets could only be fired once and once fired, they are useless. The Indians had little knowledge of modern materials or tools. When comparing the Indians in The Black Robe to the Indians in I Heard The Owl Call My Name, we must take into account that The Black Robe was set two hundred and twenty years earlier than I Heard The Owl Call My Name, and white mans influence on the Indians in I Heard The Owl Call My Name was much greater. Technology did not play an important role in the Indian's way of life. Traditionally, the Indians lived off the land taking only what they needed, and their hunting and building methods had served them well for centuries, therefore their need to develop new technology would not have been great. The Indians are not simple or barbaric people. Their complex belief system and folklore related strongly to the environment and gave reasons for the

Three Important Symbols in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Es

Three Important Symbols in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie, the narrator is used to reveal elements of Williams' own life as a victim of the Depression in the 1930s. Williams does this through his eloquent use of symbolism. Three symbols seem to reveal Williams' intent especially accurately; the unicorn, the picture of Mr. Wingfield, and Malvolio's coffin trick.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The unicorn is a symbolic representation of ways that Laura is unique or unusual.   The first facet of the unicorn, its horn, refers to ways that Laura is an unusual person, such as in her may escape mechanisms.   Laura's escape devices include her glass menagerie, list... ...ness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University, 1997.    Presley, Delma. The Glass Menagerie: An American Memory. Boston: Twayne, 1990.    http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/english/ms-writers/dir/williams_tennessee    Williams, Tennessee. "The Glass Menagerie". New York: Random House, 1985.

Canterbury Tales Essay - Quest for Power in The Wife of Bath :: Wife of Bath Essays

The Quest for Power in The Wife of Bath The Wife of Bath is a very envious women, who desires only a few simple things in life. She likes to make mirror images of herself, through her stories, which in some way reflects the person who she really is. This is all proven through the many ways she portrays her characters. The Wife of Bath desires the obvious in life, but what she most desires above all is being more powerful than her man, her spouse, and her lover. In a relationship, she wishes to be the dominant of the two. The one who has the last say. The one who is in control and decides all of the matters in the relationship. This is shown in her tale when the knight fulfills his task to her."'...a women wants the self-same sovereignty over her husband and her lover. And master him: he must not be above her. This is your greatest wish...' In the court not one that shook her head or contradicted what the knight had said..." (lines 164-170) The knight had spoken and fulfilled his quest, he found what women what the best. No women in the assembly disagreed with the knight's reply and certainly not the old hag. So it must be true power is what women what the most. There is another example of the desire of power for the women it the relationship. The old hag, after marrying the knight, gives him a choice. For her to either stay ugly and be faithful or to become beautiful and wonder. " 'My lady, my love, my dearest wife, I leave the matter to your wise decision. You make the choice yourself, for the provision. I don't care which; whatever pleases you suffices me.'" "'Have I won the mastery?' she said 'Since I am to choose and rule as I think fit?'" "'Certainly, wife, that's it.'" (lines 310-318) Consequently, the hag became beautiful, but yet still faithful. This example shows how happy the women became when she was given the power. So happy that she rewarded her husband by becoming beautiful. " 'And may Christ Jesus send us husbands (that are) meek and young and fresh in bed. And grace to overbid them when we wed.and-Jesu hear my prayer!- cut short the lives of the those who won't be governed by their wives.

Da Vinci Code Reaction paper

The movie intro led in a murder scene inside the Louvre museum and clues in Da Vinci paintings lead to the discovery of a religious mystery protected by a secret society for two thousand years which could shake the foundations of Christianity. The Novel itself received both positive and negative reviews from critics, and it has been the subject of negative appraisals concerning its portrayal of history. It’s writing and historical accuracy were reviewed negatively by â€Å"The New Yorker† When I first saw it in 2006 I was amazed how the movie made so much sense specially the scene where they talk about the secret of the Holy Grail.In the novel Leigh Teabing explains to Sophie Neveu that the figure at the right hand of Jesus in Leonardo da Vinci's painting of â€Å"The Last Supper† is not the apostle John, but actually Mary Magdalene. Leigh Teabing says that the absence of a chalice in Leonardo's painting means Leonardo knew that Mary Magdalene was the actual Holy Grail and the bearer of Jesus' blood. Leigh Teabing goes on to explain that this idea is supported by the shape of the letter â€Å"V† that is formed by the bodily positions of Jesus and Mary, as â€Å"V† is the symbol for the sacred feminine.The absence of the Apostle John in the painting is explained by knowing that John is also referred to as â€Å"the Disciple Jesus loved†, code for Mary Magdalene. The book also notes that the color scheme of their garments are inverted: Jesus wears a red tunic with royal blue cloak; Mary Magdalene wears the opposite. In my personal opinion as a believer of God, I think Dan Brown is a genius. The Da Vinci Code is one of the greatest stories ever told. The real draw for Brown’s novel is how his highly polemical basis†¦ that Christianity is not what it is purported to be, little more than an age-old instrument of oppression.

Doppelganger

Doppelganger In doppelganger the main protagonist Andrew has a crisis of identity. Who is he? Is he the good boy, he describes himself in chapter 6 as a â€Å"G gated kid in an X rated world†. Andrew is in fact an assessory (assistant) to the crime; under the law he would be considered guilty or culpable. This means that he has responsibly for crimes that he knows about and lets happen. When Josh bullies the year seen boy unnecessarily and Andrew allows it to happen when he could intervene Andrew is also guilty. Andrew did not intervene when josh destroyed the religion teacher’s personal photo.Andrew did not intervene when josh bashed and robbed the pizza delivery boy. Andrew allowed josh to drug him with beer and whiskey, which enables josh to seduce Melanie. Throughout the book Andrew continues to allow both Josh’s to control him and to manipulate and to deceive many people. In the alternate world bad Josh has more power because in that universe/parallel world there are fewer controls on peoples beastliness. Andrew watches as Josh randomly attacks a teenager at Kings Cross, smashing his face in with knuckle-dusters, bad Josh called that an ‘announcement’ of the HallBoys.My Josh said the same thing when he bashed the year 7 boy at school. He has said that it was also an announcement to watch out. Both joshes use violence and intimidation and emotional manipulation to control people. Josh uses Andrew, he calls him ‘buddy’, and he invites him to things like the party and holidays. Josh puts on a mask on concern and interest for Andrews life; but actually uses him for his own game. In this way Josh is similar to Carl Denham. Bad Josh is significantly more violent. It is through understanding the violence of bad Josh that Andrew begins to take responsibility for his own actions.Andrew starts to plan how he can stop bad Josh from killing many more people when he attacks the inner station. This results in Andrews attemp t to kill ‘My Josh’ through drugging his beer/stout. Symbols/ Motifs of Decay †¢Used condoms †¢Random sex †¢Decaying building and streets/broken windows †¢Rubbish †¢Overcoats, great coats, army gear †¢Cleanliness, dirt †¢Food †¢Violence as a means of control †¢Reading as an escape and knowledge †¢Knowledge as power †¢Religion as a means of control †¢Self control †¢The beast within There is two types of masks, the ones we are conscious of and the ones that we are unaware of.

Communication Differences Between the Sexes Essay

Some researchers believe that different styles of communication are developed by nurturing, not nature. That communication styles are learned through the way someone has been raised, not by how a person is wired from birth. Take a newborn girl and put her in a room with family members all about. She will look at every one around and make eye contact with each of them. Put a newborn boy in a room surrounded by family members, and he will pay more attention to the light fixture or a ceiling fan. I know this to be true with my own children as well as with my grandchildren. When our first grandson was born it was after having several granddaughters. The first time I held him I was taken back a bit because I couldn’t get him to make eye contact with me. I was starting to get concerned that maybe he was Autistic, but then I remembered, he was a boy. This behavior difference between male and female is carried with them throughout their childhood and into adulthood. â€Å"In one study, researchers performed a series of test on males and females from four age groups: second graders, sixth graders, tenth graders, and twenty five-year-olds. Instructions for each pair of females and each pair of males were exactly the same: enter a room, sit down on two chairs, and talk, if you wish. As the test proceeded, every pair of females, no matter what their ages, reacted the same way. They turned their chairs toward each other, or at least they turned toward each other, so they could be face-to-face, lean forward and talk. The males reacted differently. They did not turn toward each other in any way. They sat side by side, shoulder to shoulder, looking straight ahead except for an occasional glance at each other† (Eggerich, 244). Girls want to make a connection with the person they’re talking to. They want to make friends, share secrets, and experiences. Boys have a different approach. They like having buddy groups focusing on activities rather than conversation. This difference in communication style follows them into adulthood. Women communicate through dialogue, discussing emotions, choices and problems. Males remain action-oriented. The goal of communication is to achieve something. Women are more relationship-oriented and are more likely to talk to other women when they have a problem or need to make a decision. Men tend to relate to other men on a one-to-one basis. They keep their problems to themselves and don’t see the point in sharing personal issues. Why is communication between men and women such a problem? It goes back to the fact that we send each other messages in â€Å"code,† based on gender, even though we don’t intend to. â€Å"What I say is not what you hear, and what you think you heard is not what I meant at all† (Eggerich, 30). A woman may say, â€Å"I have nothing to wear. † What she means is, she has nothing new. When a man says, â€Å"I have nothing to wear. † He actually means he has nothing clean. This illustrates that we all see things out of our own needs and perceptions. How does nonverbal communication impact male and female communication? One specific aspect of nonverbal communication is body orientation. It’s the two chairs in the room experiment again. When a man doesn’t make eye contact or face his female conversational partner, she may see this as a lack of interest. He might get annoyed because she isn’t responding the way he expected. Body language speaks volumes when communicating with someone of the opposite sex. The difference in physical alignment can make having a meaningful conversation difficult. A breakdown in nonverbal communication between men and women can cause problems not only at home, but in the workplace. Women often nod their head when someone is talking to them as a sign that they’re listening. This can be confusing for a man because men only nod when they are in agreement with what is being said. The man might mistake the woman’s nodding as a sign that she agrees with him, only to find out later that she doesn’t. Now the woman is confused because she doesn’t understand why he would think she agreed when she was never asked her opinion. On the other hand, if a woman is speaking and she doesn’t see his head nod, she assumes he either disagrees or is not listening. Either way, the lines of communication are broken because of nonverbal cues (Simma). As you can see, men and women have different styles in the way they communicate. Neither style is right or wrong, they’re just different. I’m not really in to the whole Mars vs. Venus thing, but if we can recognize the differences in our communication styles we might be better equipped to break through those communication barriers. Women, a man doesn’t necessarily want to talk about it, sometimes just sitting next to him or watching him tinker in the garage is just what he’s looking for. He just wants to know that his lady is there. Men, a woman just needs someone to listen to what she has to say. She doesn’t need her situation to be fixed, she just needs a listening ear, an occasion nodding of the head to let her connect with her man. My husband and I sometimes go on long drives for an hour or so without ever speaking a word, we don’t have to. We’ve had our ups and downs, trials and tribulations, but through the years we have learned to speak and listen to each other’s language. The key to a any relationship, whether it’s with friends, colleagues or spouses is good communication skills. My husband and I have been married for 33 years, I think we’ve been successful in achieving just that.

Environment that learners find at international schools

The environment that scholars find them self in at international schools and national school is invariably altering and going more diverse than of all time. The international school in Geneva has 123 different nationalities with 89 different female parent lingua linguistic communications represented within its pupil organic structure with 32 different nationalities ( Internationals School of Geneva, Annual Report 2010 ) within its teaching staff. This type of broad runing diverseness in school bodes is really common topographic point in international schools and can besides be found in any learning environment, ‘As long as human societies have been in contact with each other, voluntarily or involuntarily, there have been cross-cultural learning state of affairss ‘ ( Hofstede ( 1986 pp 302 ) . For scholars to the successful, in a truly international environment the pupils have to hold the competency to larn, work and map in an intercultural environment. It is those persons whom have this competency to larn, work and map in intercultural environments whom are successful scholars in international schools and multicultural environments. The ability of pupils to carry on them self ‘s across intercultural environments is hence critical for their success as scholars at the international school across the universe. The averment that I have made, I am reasoning that the cultural commixture of pupils is holding an consequence on acquisition of pupils and more specifically that the cultural environment that larning occurs in, has an consequence on acquisition. In the USA there is grounds to back up the averment. The President ‘s enterprise on race, quoted by Cushner et Al ( 2003 ) shows that the proportions of populations to complete high school indicated that pupils from exterior of a white cultural group where perceptibly down ( Whites 93 % , Blacks 87 % and Hispanics ‘ 62 % ) . There is besides a huge sum of research into cultural attacks to larning and instruction which help explicate why pupil from exterior of the dominate civilization appear to underachieve in larning environments. So if there is an some consequence on acquisition has this been explored in research? Hofstede ( 1980, 1986 ) formed cardinal factors when looking at cultural differences to educational relationships. Hofstede ‘s survey of over 50 counties and includes 116000 participants, proposes a 4-D theoretical account to explicate cultural difference in work related Fieldss and has applied them to intercultural larning environments. Hofstede ‘s theoretical account proposes the undermentioned four factors that effects larning across cultural boundaries ; 1. Differences in the societal places of instructors and pupils in the two societies ; 2. Differences in the relevancy of the course of study ( developing content ) for the two societies ; 3. Differences in profiles of cognitive abilities between the populations from which instructor and pupil are drawn ; 4. Differences in expected forms of teacher/student and student/student interaction. Hofstede ( 1986 ) besides goes on to problematize linguistic communication, being that frequently instructors and pupils ( or equals within the learning state of affairs ) do non hold the same female parent lingua. Hofstede argued that linguistic communication is a vehicle of civilization and that understanding in a 2nd linguistic communication is kindred to seeking to understand in a different civilization, ‘Language categorizes world harmonizing to its corresponding civilization ‘ ( Hofstede 1986 pp 314 ) . Hofstede argues that uneffective acquisition occurs when persons are non taught via their female parent tong. Some significance is lost in either direct interlingual rendition or the within the cultural context the acquisition is happening in. It is the writer ‘s personal position that from experience the grade of girl apprehension is non every bit big as expressed by Hofstede. Many pupils in the International school of Geneva operate outside of their female pa rent tong and have a high grade of success in larning. The writer notes nevertheless that this is non ever the instance, as the bulk of the pupils are bilingual or trilingual and their ability degree in the linguistic communication of direction is equal to those of female parent tong in the linguistic communication of direction. Clearly Hofsede research, and therefore the 4-D theoretical account, have a really strong international experimental bases, a really big participant base ( 116,000 participants ) , from 50 counties from around the Earth. However the research is non without its bounds. First the initial research ( Hofsede 1980 ) was conducted within a individual administration, ( an American high investigator. Company ) which operates in over 40 states around the universe at the clip of the research. Although this gives entree to a big international pool of participants the research will be limited to the administration in which the research is conducted in. Furthermore the findings of the research will besides hold some biased. The administration its ego will hold an built-in civilization. All of the participants will be affected by that inceptions civilization and will in bend affect the findings of the research. Sulkowski and Deakin ( 2009 ) add to Hofsede ‘s theoretical account with more up to day of the month research in a more relevant acquisition ( instruction ) scene. The research aligned its ego closely to the theoretical account proposed by Hofsede and others, ‘The same decisions have emerged from old surveies conducted by meatman and McGrath ( 2004 ) , Smith and Smith ( 1999 ) and Ward ( 2001 ) ‘ ( Sulkowski and Deakin 2009 p157 ) . It is clear so that Hofsede ‘s 4-D which leads to cultural factors that can impact larning hold really strong empirical grounds. The educational applications of Hofsede ‘s theoretical account are questionable nevertheless. The theoretical account goes a long off is explain and depicting the cultural factors that can impact instruction. However it is of limited usage for a instructor with a extremely diverse category to cognize that one group of pupils with a more collectivized cultural background will ‘place more accent on bettering their standing with their equals than pupils from individualistic civilization who were found to move mostly out of self involvement ‘ ‘ ( Sulkowski and Deakin 2009 p157 ) . There is small practical aid for a instructor in such an illustration and it more is likely to take the instructor to pigeonhole the pupils and to move on the stereotypes in the schoolroom scene. Sulkowski and deakins ( 2009 ) suggest that the divergences from expected values indicate that bing conceptualisation of civilization in trying the explain behavior merely have limited usage in diagnostic value in term of pupil behavior. It is the writers ain sentiment that by specifying groups and learner profiles of patriot and if possible cultural groups within national countries is of limited value for instructors. As stated above it can take to stereotypes and farther more lead to apathy amongst instructors, believing that a pupil is non larning successfully, imputing this to a cultural aspect of the pupil and therefore relieving the instructor of the job of sing that the pupil is successful at acquisition. Hofsefe ‘s research dosage nevertheless give a position to problematize cultural with regard to a acquisition environment. The research aslo give an empirical prejudices for my averment that larning in an intercultural environment can be harmful to an persons acquisition, if non controlled and managed efficaciously by the scholar or those taking to back up the scholar ( such as instructors ) . To get the better of the issues raised by his ain theoretical account Hofsefe ( 1986 ) proposed two solutions. First instructors can either absorb all of the pupils into the instructor ‘s civilization of the category room ( learn all pupils how to larn within the instructors civilization ) or learn the instructor how to learn such a cultural diverse category. There is besides a 3rd option ; we can educate the scholars to go intercultrually competent. The definition of an interculturally competent individual is a combative issue within literature and will be discussed farther on. This so raise the undermentioned inquiries, what is understood by the term interculturally competent? How do persons go interculturaly competent? Those inquiries besides lead us to reply a inquiry foremost posed by Gardner ( 1962 ) ; ‘To what extent is it really possible for an expert from one civilization to pass on with, to acquire though to, individuals from antoher civilization? ‘ ( Gardner 1962 pp241 ) In reply to his ain inquiries Gardner ( 1962 ) suggested that there a some persons equipped with an unusual ability for intercultural communicating with other traits that contribute to that success such as unity, stableness, extraversion, socialization in cosmopolitan values and including particular intuitive and even telepathic abilities ( pp248 ) . Although Gardner ‘s theory ‘s have come into strong unfavorable judgment ( Waterhouse 2006 ) the observation that some people are more able in intercultural state of affairss ( persons whom are deemed to be interculturally compotnet ) to execute in some action over others has lead to a big sum of research. To be able to specify what interculturally competence the term civilization besides needs specifying foremost. Culture is a combative issue within literature and society. However for persons to go intercultrualy competent you must first understand what you are traveling to interact with. The first usage of the term civilization with respect to anthropology was in 1871 by Tylor ( quoted in Berry et al 2004 ) who defines civilization as ; ‘That complex whole which includes cognition, believe, art, ethical motives, Torahs, imposts and any other capablenesss and wonts acquired by adult male as a member of society ‘ The planetary literature has ‘literally 100s of definitions ‘ ( Cushner et al 2003 P 36 ) from a really broad scope of subjects. However the original thought of civilization from above has little changed in the position of the writer. However the writer acknowledges that there are more compendious definitions of civilization. For simplification for this essay the writer will take Berry et al 2004 ‘s definition of civilization as the ‘way of life of a group of people ‘ ( p229 Berry et al 2004 ) . The writer besides acknowledges that the definition of civilization that is used to specify intercultural competency will impact the very definition of intercultural competency in the literature. This will so be discussed as I progress towards a definition of intercultural competency and its conceptualisations. Development of Intercultural competency in research and definitions started in the 1950 ‘s and onwards with research into westerners working abroad. The early research focused on accounts for dislocations in transverse cultural communicating between persons which can normally happen in multicultural larning environments such as Internationals schools. The early research used appraisal of persons ‘ attitudes, personalities, values and motivations assessed though self studies, studies or open-ended interviews. Ruben ( 1989 ) defines the result of early research in intercultural competency concentrating on 4 cardinal factors ; To explicate abroad failure To foretell abroad success To develop forces choice schemes To plan, implement and trial sojourner preparation and readying methodological analysiss Developed from Ruben ( 1989 p230 ) Adding to this reappraisal of early surveies ( quoted from Cushner et al 2003 ) , looking in to the features of people who were competent and life and working across a civilization boundary suggested that the intercultually competent have 3 qualities in common ; Ability to pull off the psychological emphasis that occurs during most intercultural interactions Ability to pass on efficaciously across cultural boundaries The ability to develop and keep new and indispensable interpersonal relationships. ( Cushner et al 2003 P 121 ) Use this to larning†¦ utile? review this model- usage Rubens theoretical account†¦ So what so is intercultural competency? Bennett ( 2008 ) states that 'emerging consensus around what constitutes intercultural competency, which is most frequently viewed as a set of cognitive, affectional and behavioral accomplishments and features that support effectual and appropriate interaction in a assortment of cultural contexts ( p97 ) . Fantini ( 2006 ) adds to this definition of intercultural compotence as â€Å" a composite of abilities needed to execute efficaciously and suitably when interacting with others who are linguistically and culturally different from oneself † ( p. 12, accent in original ) . Throughout the literature, research workers and theorists use a scope of more or less related footings to discourse and depict intercultural competency, including intercultural communicative competency ( ICC ) , transcultural communicating, cross-cultural version, and intercultural sensitiveness, among others ( Fantini, 2006 ) . What all of these footings attempt to account for is the ability to step beyond one ‘s ain civilization and map with other persons from culturally diverse backgrounds. By manner of illustration, Table 1 nowadayss 19 footings that have been used as options for discoursing intercultural competency. Though frequently used interchangeably with the most frequent labels of intercultural competency, intercultural communicative competency, intercultural sensitiveness, and cross-cultural version, each option besides implies different attacks that are frequently merely implicitly addressed in research. Table 1. Alternate footings for intercultural communicative competency ( ICC ) ( Adapted from Fantini, 2006, Appendix D ) transcultural communicating international communicating ethnorelativity cross-cultural communicating intercultural interaction biculturalism cross-cultural consciousness intercultural sensitiveness multiculturalism planetary competitory intelligence intercultural cooperation pluralingualism planetary competency cultural sensitiveness effectual inter-group communicating cross-cultural version cultural competency international competency communicative competency Hammer, Bennet, and Wiseman ( 2003 ) attempted to get the better of some of the fog of ICC definitions by pulling a major differentiation between intercultural sensitiveness and intercultural competency. From their position, intercultural sensitiveness is â€Å" the ability to know apart and see relevant cultural differences † whereas intercultural competency is â€Å" the ability to believe and move in interculturally appropriate ways † ( p. 422 ) . Their differentiation between cognizing and making in interculturally competent ways offers a fitting preliminary to the subjects that have emerged from most modern-day work on ICC. Fantini ‘s definition is more utile to pedagogues. The ability of pupils to ‘perform efficaciously and suitably ‘ in a learning environment or state of affairs where there are many civilizations represented and which are lending to the acquisition will hold a profound consequence on the result of the success of the acquisition. This definition developed from the literature leads in to theoretical accounts that can be used to develop intercultural competency relevant to bettering pupil ‘s successes rates at larning in multicultural or international school environments. Given the above definition how so is intercultural competency best conceptualized and measured? One of the earliest comprehensive model was Ruben ‘s behavioral attack to the conceptualisation and measuring of intercultural communicative competency ( Ruben, 1976 ; Ruben & A ; Kealey, 1979 ) . Rubens theoretical account is different to the personality or more single attacks, which have limited usage for pedagogues being that the cognition of the personality traits required for intercultural competency dosage non take into intercessions to develop intercultural competency. Ruben ‘s theoretical account ( Ruben, 1976 ; Ruben & A ; Kealey, 1979 ) focused on a behavioral attack to intercultural competency by taking to believe the spread between cognizing and making. Ruben focused on the relationship between what single know to be interculturally competent and what those persons are really making in intercultural state of affairss. Ruben ( 1976 ) argued that to understand behaviors linked to intercultural state of affairss steps of competence needed to reflect an ‘individual ‘s ability to expose constructs in his behavior instead than purposes, apprehensions, cognition ‘s, attitudes, or desires † ( p. 337 ) . Ruben so used observations of persons in state of affairss similar to those in which they have received anterior preparation for or choice for, and utilizing the public presentation as predicators for similar hereafter state of affairss. Based on findings in the literature and his ain work, Ruben ( 1976 ) identified seven dimensions of intercultural competency: Display of regard describes an person ‘s ability to â€Å" show regard and positive respect † for other persons. Interaction position refers to an person ‘s ability to â€Å" react to others in a descriptive, non-evaluative, and nonjudgmental manner. † Orientation to knowledge describes an person ‘s ability to â€Å" acknowledge the extent to which cognition is single in nature. † In other words, orientation to knowledge describes an person ‘s ability to acknowledge and admit that people explain the universe around them in different ways with differing positions of what is â€Å" right † and â€Å" true. † Empathy is an person ‘s ability to â€Å" set [ himself ] in another ‘s places. † Self-oriented function behavior expresses an person ‘s ability to â€Å" be flexible and to map in [ initiating and harmonising ] functions. † In this context, originating refers to bespeaking information and elucidation and measuring thoughts for job resolution. Harmonizing, on the other manus, refers to modulating the group position quo through mediation. Interaction direction is an person ‘s ability to take bends in treatment and novice and terminate interaction based on a moderately accurate appraisal of the demands and desires of others. Last, tolerance for ambiguity describes an person ‘s ability to â€Å" respond to new and equivocal state of affairss with small seeable uncomfortableness † . ( Ruben, 1976, pp. 339-341 ) From the observation Ruben was so able to operationalise the seven dimensions and utilize observation ( evaluation graduated tables ) for appraisal. Rubens theoretical account therefore was based on the definition that there is an result end for intercultural interactions, for illustration in a learning state of affairs for the person to understand a new construct. Ruben ‘s ( 1976 ) position, ICC consists of the â€Å" ability to map in a mode that is perceived to be comparatively consistent with the demands, capacities, ends, and outlooks of the persons in one ‘s environment while fulfilling one ‘s ain demands, capacities, ends, and outlooks † ( p. 336 ) . This ability is so assessed by detecting the persons actions as apposed to reading self studies by the person. A theoretical account such as Ruben ‘s asserts that there is end or stop point of intercultural interaction. For illustration from this definition the interculturally competent are able to keep interpersonal relationships. Therefore intercultural interactions can be define and successful or non towards a given end. Not merely does this go forth intercultural interactions open to manipulative behavior ( Rathje 2007 ) . Furthermore Herzog ( 2003 ) quoted by Rathje ( 2007 p 256 ) provinces that there dresss to be a deficiency of differentiation between competency and public presentation. Byram ( 1997 ) and Risager ( 2007 ) theorized a multidimensional theoretical account of intercultural competency which removes the importance placed on intercultural public presentation. Byram ‘s proposed a five factor theoretical account of intercultural competency ( shown in a diagram below ) Bryam Intercultural compotence.png Each ‘Savoir ‘ has their ain factors and definitions ; The attitude factor refers to the ability to relativise one ‘s ego and value others, and includes â€Å" wonder and openness, preparedness to suspend incredulity about other civilizations and belief about one ‘s ain † . Knowledge of one ‘s ego and others means cognition of the regulations for single and societal interaction and consists of cognizing societal groups and their patterns, both in one ‘s one civilization and in the other civilization. The first accomplishment set, the accomplishments of interpretation and relating, describes an person ‘s ability to construe, explicate, and relate events and paperss from another civilization to one ‘s ain civilization. The 2nd accomplishment set, the accomplishments of find and interaction, allows the person to get â€Å" new cognition of civilization and cultural patterns, † including the ability to utilize bing cognition, attitudes, and accomplishments in cross-cultural interactions. The last factor, critical cultural consciousness, describes the ability to utilize positions, patterns, and merchandises in one ‘s ain civilization and in other civilizations to do ratings. Byram ( 1997 ) pp 97-98 Byram added to his theoretical account with the interaction factor ( skis of find and interacting ) to include other communicating signifiers, verbal and non-verbal with the development of lingual, sociolinguistic and discourse competences. This theoretical accounts cardinal strengths lies in the demand of critical cultural consciousness. Whereas Ruben ‘s theoretical account merely aims to further successful intercultural by taking interactions with to understand and mimicking of the others civilization, Byram ‘s critical attack allows for persons to understand, interact with the other civilization, every bit good as, keeping house to their ain civilization with a critical oculus on both civilizations values. When applied to a learning state of affairs the theoretical account indicates that is larning is to be successful persons need to understand all Jesuss of the civilization of all persons whom are involved with the acquisition of a new construct. Byram ‘s theoretical account besides indicated that there is a continuum of being more interculturally competent as each of the ‘saviours ‘ is developed. However this theoretical account has been criticised as being excessively narrow by Risager ( 2007 ) . Risager argued that intercultural competency must included wide resources an single possesses every bit good as the narrow competencies that can be assessed. Risager developed her ain theoretical account with she claimed to be broader in range. The writer notes that in Risagers model the 10 elements outlined are mostly linked to lingual development and proficiencies ; Linguistic ( languastructural ) competency Languacultural competencies and resources: semantics and pragmatics Languacultural competencies and resources: poetics Languacultural competencies and resources: lingual individuality Translation and reading Interpreting texts ( discourses ) Use of ethnographic methods Multinational cooperation Knowledge of linguistic communication as critical linguistic communication consciousness, besides as a universe citizen Knowledge of civilization and society and critical cultural consciousness, besides as a universe citizen. ( Risager, 2007, p. 227 ) The thoughts from Byram ‘s theoretical account have been used to develop the intercultural competency appraisal ( INCA ) ( 2004 ) , an assessment tool for intercultural compotence. The INCA has utilized and developed the multidimensional theoretical account of Byram ‘s and other theoretical work ( quoted from INCA 2004 ) which include Kuhlmann & A ; Stahl ( 1998 ) every bit good as Muller-Jacquier ( 2000 ) to develop the appraisal. The INCA theoretical account has two sets of cardinal dimensions, one for the assessor and one for the testee, with three accomplishment degrees for each dimension ( basic, intermediate and full ) . The assessor looks for 6 different dimensions, as defined form the INCA assessor ‘s manual ; Tolerance for ambiguity is â€Å" the ability to accept deficiency of lucidity and ambiguity and to be able to cover with it constructively † . Behavioral flexibleness is â€Å" the ability to accommodate one ‘s ain behavior to different demands and state of affairss † . Communicative consciousness is â€Å" the ability [ aˆÂ ¦ ] to set up relationships between lingual looks and cultural contents, to place, and consciously work with, assorted communicative conventions of foreign spouses, and to modify correspondingly one ‘s ain linguistics signifiers of look † . Knowledge find is â€Å" the ability to get new cognition of a civilization and cultural patterns and the ability to move utilizing that cognition, those attitudes and those accomplishments under the restraints of real-time communicating and interaction † . Respect for distinctness is â€Å" the preparedness to suspend incredulity about other civilizations and belief about one ‘s ain † . Empathy is â€Å" the ability to intuitively understand what other people think and how they feel in concrete state of affairss † . From the testee ‘s point of position, intercultural competency consists of three dimensions, in a simplified version of the assessor ‘s theoretical account: Openness is the ability to â€Å" be unfastened to the other and to state of affairss in which something is done otherwise † ( regard for others + tolerance of ambiguity ) . Knowledge is the feature of â€Å" non merely want [ ing ] to cognize the ‘hard facts ‘ about a state of affairs or about a certain civilization, but besides want [ ing ] to cognize something about the feelings of the other individual † ( knowledge find + empathy ) . Adaptability describes the ability to â€Å" accommodate [ one ‘s ] behavior and [ one ‘s ] manner of communicating † ( behavioral flexibleness + communicative consciousness ) . This appraisal model explained the theory for each dimensions and besides gives concrete descriptions for each accomplishment degree. This is clearly a strong point for both the theoretical account and the assessment tool. There are besides other appraisal tools biased on Byram ‘s and Risager ‘s theoretical accounts ( intercultural sensitiveness index, Olson and Kroeger 2001 and Assessment of intercultural competency, Fantini 2006 ) . The cardinal factor that separates this work from that of Ruben ‘s is the accent on the acquisition of proficiency in the host civilization, which is beyond the ability to interact respectfully, non-judgmentally and efficaciously with the host civilization. Once allied to larning and development of intercultural competency both Byram ‘s and Risager ‘s theoretical account become comparatively hebdomad. Although the theoretical accounts have developed really strong and culturally dependable appraisal tools for intercultural competency, the theoretical accounts do little to bespeak the development of intercultural competency along a continuum. The theoretical accounts appear to demo that there is a either or inquiry to intercultural competency. Bennet ‘s ( 1993 ) theoretical account of intercultural competency nevertheless is more utile for instructors taking to develop intercultural competency. Bennett ( 1993 ) looked into intercultural competency with a different position than that of Byram ‘s. The development of intercultural competency ( shown in the diagram below ) developed a line drive phase theoretical account. Bennett theoretical account allows persons to travel up or down phases and individuality ‘s cardinal barriers to traveling into the following phase. Each phase has its effects on persons and therefore the larning capablenesss of the person. development of intercultrual sensitivy.bmp The first three phases, the ethnocentric phases, where the person ‘s civilization is the cardinal worldview have bit by bit less consequence on an person ‘s acquisition but still limited the effectivity of intercultural interactions and larning across intercultural boundary lines. In the first ethnocentric phase, denial, the single denies the difference or being of other civilizations by raising psychological or physical barriers in the signifiers of isolation and separation from other civilizations. In the 2nd ethnocentric phase, defence, the single reacts against the menace of other civilizations by minimizing the other civilizations ( negative stereotyping ) and advancing the high quality of one ‘s ain civilization. In some instances, the person undergoes a reversal stage, during which the worldview displacements from one ‘s ain civilization to the other civilization, and the ain civilization is capable to depreciation. Finally, in the 3rd ethnocentric phase, minimisation, the single acknowledges cultural differences on the surface but considers all civilizations as basically similar. The three ethnorelative phases of development lead to the acquisition of a more complex worldview in which civilizations are understood comparative to each other and actions are understood as culturally situated. During the credence stage, the single accepts and respects cultural differences with respect to behaviour and values. In the 2nd ethnorelative phase, version, the single develops the ability to switch his frame of mention to other culturally diverse worldviews through empathy and pluralism. In the last phase, integrating, the single expands and incorporates other worldviews into his ain worldview. While Bennett ‘s theoretical account for intercultural sensitiveness is extremely utile to pedagogues but it is note worthy that the theoretical account is non based on an specific empirical research. The theoretical account was developed from a land theory, that is to state, ‘using theoretical constructs to explicate a form that emerges from systematic observations ‘ ( Bennett 2004 ) . Mover over the theoretical account is biased on congestive constructivism that states persons build upon all experiences by puting them into forms or classs already within the person. More clearly, that we perceive event and construe them due to our ‘home ‘ civilization. Second that the development of intercultural sensitiveness in line drive. Although Bennett dose acknowledge that persons may travel frontward and backwards and any one point when developing intercultural sensitively frequently a cardinal review of line drive theoretical accounts. The theoretical account has been used by Bennett et Al ( 2003 ) with the development of the intercultural development stock list. This stock list is based on Bennett ‘s theoretical account of intercultural sensitiveness and is a development from an earlier stock list which was tested by Paige et Al ( 1999 quoted by Bennett 2003 page 426 ) and found ‘specific waies in farther development of the IDI ‘ ( Bennett et al 2003 ) . The stock list is a 50 point questionnaire biased on the classifications of responses by a broad scope of experts in the field of intercultural interactions on semi-structured interviews. The stock list is based on a 5 point graduated table response to inquiries. The research found the stock list to be valid and dependable across gender, societal, age and instruction populations. The writer acknowledges that the stock list has non as such been used to prove the intercultural sensitiveness theoretical account but notes that development of the stock list from the theoretical account which is dependable and valid across civilizations is a strong point of both the stock list and the theoretical account. Furthermore over the last 10 old ages the theoretical accounts has been used by other research workers in the development of appraisal tools ( Olson and Kroeger 2001 ) . Bennett dose non nevertheless see communicating in the development of intercultural sensitiveness instead as a developmental scheme particularly in the ethnorelative phases ; Participants traveling out of credence are eager to use their cognition of cultural differences to existent face-to-face communicating. Therefore, now is the clip to supply chances for interaction. These activities might include couples with other-culture spouses, facilitated multicultural group treatments, or outside assignments affecting interviewing of people from other culturesaˆÂ ¦ communicating pattern could mention to homestays or developing friendly relationships in the other civilization. ( Bennett, 1993, pp. 58-59 ) Recently nevertheless, these theoretical accounts ( Byram and Bennett ) have been accused of being subjective have frequently been subjective and limited by the civilizations of the persons involved in their conceptualisation and appraisal ( Arasaratnam and Doerfel 2005 ) . Arasaratnam and Doerfel ( 2005 ) call for a culture-wide theoretical account of intercultural communicating competency. Arasaratnam and Doerfel use a bottom-up attack with the theoretical account developed though interviews. They interviewed 37 interculturally competent participants from a university in the USA. The participants were from a big international background ( 14 from counties outside of the USA ) . The pupils were chosen for the engagement in international pupil organisations, analyze aboard plans and international friendship/host plans. The interviews followed a semi structured method utilizing prompts to prosecute the participants, such as, Can you identify some qualities or facets of people who are competent in intercultural communicating? The informations semantic analysed to uncover four or dominant bunchs of words for each prompt. From this analysis Arasaratnam and Doerfel identified 10 alone dimensions in intercultural communicative competency ( see appendix 2 ) Heterogeneity, Transmission, Other-centered, Observant, Motivation, Sensitivity, Respect, Relational, Investing Appropriateness This theoretical account has non been used to develop any appraisal tools but it noteworthy for the attack of being based on dimensions of persons deemed to be interculturllay competent. To add to this theoretical account Rathje 2007 farther proposes that the civilization can be defined as coherence based construct. Rathje argues for a new definition of civilization off from chauvinistic definitions. Quoting Hasen ( 2000 ) Rathje states that ‘cultures merely be within human collectives ‘ ( pp 261 ) and that many civilizations occur within boundary lines be that with a local football nine or within one category room to anther within a school. Hansen ( 2000 paraphrased by Rathje 2007 ) differences allow for the creative activity of persons within a civilization. Therefore civilizations are made up of known differences that are finite and known. The differences within a civilization will differ from civilization to civilization. Persons are different from the norm of a civilization but the differences are known to the human collective, ‘individuals traits and features however perceptibly mention to his cultural rank ‘ ( Rathje 2007 ) . Culture is at that place for the apprehension or cognition of differences within a given civilization that defines cultural rank. For illustration a pupil might cognize that one pupil likes to speak while working on a scientific discipline experiment while another dosage non. Both pupils are members of the schoolroom civilization and know of the differences in their attacks to experiments. Applied to intercultural competency this definition means that unknown differences within a civilization must to cognize, bespeaking that there is a cognizable facet to intercultural competency. If during intercultural interactions an person in understand and cognizing the know difference of another civilization the person is so bring forthing a new civilization them self. What Rathje 2007 is saying that during intercultural interaction and when deriving intercultural competency persons are really organizing a new civilization to add to the figure of civilizations that the person is already a member. When a pupil walks into a new schoolroom with a unfamiliar category and teacher the pupil is so in an intercultural environment. Rathje would reason for the pupil to interact and be successful within the environment the person must first organize a new civilization with the current civilization of the schoolroom. ‘Intercultural competency is best characterise hence, by the transmutation of intercultural interaction into civilization itself ‘ ( Rathje 2007 p263 ) . This statement nevertheless is non without its floors its ego. In making an excess civilization outside of either persons ‘home ‘ civilizations dose this non lead to assimilation of both civilizations into a ace civilization made up of both sets of civilizations. Rathje is hence bespeaking that persons who are extremely successful and intercultural interactions ( or larning ) are persons who are really good at developing civilization. What so given all the theoretical accounts proposed are the applications for instructors whom develop the learning civilization for the pupils? So how is civilization developed? Socialization theoretical account†¦ .. Development of a culture- soclization theory. Link to other theorys of learing, societal learing theory and criteci with congtnive acquisition theorys Applications for teacher- decision. Culture shock- and anxtiy decrease theorys? ? ?

Organisational Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational Analysis - Essay Example This is due to the change in thoughts and way of thinking of the persons. The consequences they face bring changes in thinking of the individuals resulting in the changes in strategies of the group or department. This in turn affects the way of working of the organisation. The way the changes occur and the reasons for the changes are interlinked. When a reason causes a consequence, and if that is unwanted or not anticipated, should result in the change of the reason. The changes in planning, strategies, environment, nature of working depends upon the extent the individuals in the company maintain congruence between the theory they have to follow and the theory they trust. When the difference is large the unwanted consequences were capable of narrowing the difference in the course of time. The way of correcting the problem to avoid unwanted and negative consequences is termed as I order change and II order change or single loop and double loop by different authors. The loop terminolog y is of Argyris and Schon's. In this paper the double loop learning is stressed and all the case studies and analyses were done on that basis. Introduction: According to Argyris and Schon there are two types of ways in which the individuals in the organisation react. ... All the theories which analyse the organisational behaviour will be according to these above two ways of reacting and analysing the differences between them. Structural organisational leadership: The leadership qualities in the structure of an organisational can be considered as complex. They range from time tested methods to technology involving strategies to the way of changing the thoughts and strategies according to the need and the time. So the stability cannot be taken as granted as the change is inevitable in the processes which should maintain sustainability of the organisation. Structure can be considered for the organisation as what is skeleton for any human body. The structure supports the organisation as the skeleton supports the body. As the skeleton develops in the course of the growth of the body, the development in the organisation demands the change in its structure. This can be termed as flexibility in organisational language. That is the structure of an organisation must change according to the growing and changing needs of the organisation. The leadership must be ready to adopt change. If the leader ship is adopting th e standard I changes, then they bring change only in processes but not in the cause which make the processes to be carried on. Here the leaders by observing the consequences try to bring a change in processes and try to conserve the values or theories they believe. This makes the individuals involved in the processes to be defensive and these delay the inevitable change which is a prerequisite for the flexibility in the structure. So it can be termed that the leadership following the standard I learning is not flexible enough to bring the changes in the structure demanded by growth of the organisation. The reason is any

Strategic Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Plan - Assignment Example External analysis of global car industry: [On the basis of MACRO (PESTEL) Analysis] (for reference see Appendix-1) The auto industry is often thought of as one of the most global of all industries. Car industry is experiencing rapid changes with globalization (Carson, 2004). Rapid changes are also altering the industry structure and attractiveness. The emerging markets include Latin America (Mainly Brazil), ASEAN countries, Eastern Europe, China and India. The fast growing emerging markets taken together, increased vehicle sales by 70-80% and production by almost 80-90%(Auto Industry Statistics). Car sales growth rate in US is around 3.5%, in Western Europe around 2.5% and in Japan around 1.5% while in China it is almost 9%. Globally the total car industry employment is predicated to reach 4.8 million by 2015. It is estimated that global car industry revenue reach 903 billion Euros by 2015. So the car industry has been focused on the potential of the emerging markets to offset the in dustries maturity and stagnation in the Triad economics of scale and spread the costs of developing new models. One of the main features of car industry experiencing is, manufacturers extending their operations in developing countries. For global producers, rapidly growing markets in developing countries were meant to provide for spreading vehicle development costs; for establishing cheap production sites for the production of selected vehicles and components; and for access to new markets for higher end vehicles. "Corporate strategies in regard to globalization vary depending on the starting point of individual firms, but there seems to be a large measure of convergence toward 1) building vehicles where they are sold, 2) designing vehicles with common 'global' under-body Platforms while retaining the ability to adapt bodies, trim levels and ride characteristics to a wide range of local conditions" (Sturgeon and Florida, 1999). Now we are going to analyze in short, different strategic tools, which are available to analyze global car industry. The strategic tools and different analysis techniques that we used to critically analyze the industry are: Macro environment: PESTEL analysis Industry: Porter's five forces Strategic groups and Cognitive map Key Factors for Success Marketplace: Market Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning Telescopic Observation Matrix Political forces as well as WTO regime plays major role in opening of the markets for foreign players. Change in the regulations of the market due to governments policies, foreign direct investment increased and also funds started to flow towards developing countries to establish new manufacturing plants. Due to these political and economical changes North American & European manufacturers opened new plants in Eastern Europe, Asia and South

The sculpture of Kuoros Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The sculpture of Kuoros - Dissertation Example The first element which relates to the cultural implications of the sculpture is from the formalism that is used.   The physical properties are representative of Athens during this time frame and what was believed to be the perfect human body.   When examining the physical properties, it can be seen that proportion is consistent throughout the piece.   The lines are the first element of this.   For example, the abdominal area has a line that goes to the legs as well as the same shape that goes to the chest.   This is done to make the body completely proportionate.   This is followed by the shapes, which are proportionate as well.   The shapes of the shoulders, chest and legs are proportionate and equal on every side to create a mathematical look to the perfect body.   While there is one leg that is slightly set back, this only adds to the appearance of having the right proportions when in motion.   The main physical look uses space to create this specific balance.   The space is used between both legs and between the stomach and arm area.   These two spaces are also proportionate and have the same amount of space used for contrast within the two regions.   The light and dark that is added into this is then able to balance with the sculpture having the light and the spaces in between each area balancing this with the dark.   Each of the regions of the body creates a sense of balance and proportion with the figure. The iconography, or symbolism, is one which is presented in this sculpture as something that is greater than or more significant. The promotion of the sculpture can be linked directly to what others would want to achieve within their life. This is close to the symbol of sublimination, which consists of cultural development that created symbols as idols and role models. Physical activities, scientific idols, artistic and ideological concepts all links to the creation of an illusion of what one can achieve within a lifetime.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Research paper - Essay Example The adoption of the term was in the 20th century and has had a vast application in recognition of human beings that do not fall in the two broad human categories: males and females. In the western society, the field of intersex is very clear in educating people on the various disorders that human beings bear and the efforts that scientists have made in the comprehension of the conditions. Going through the various opinions that scientists, professionals and the general population have regarding the issue is an important step paving way for in depth understanding of the situation. Introduction Many writers in the continent have also made tremendous strides forward in a bid to educate people on the various conditions involved in the field of intersex. Another aspect of the field that has close ties with the main subject is intersex surgery. This is the kind of surgery performed on people with intersex disorder in a bid to accomplish varying purposes. The two main reasons that the surge ry is performed are to either save the life of the person or to address social issues that the person may be facing (Sytsma 106). However, many scientists warn about the issue of genital surgery as research shows that the results got from the surgery are far worse than good on not only the areas under surgery but also the entire body system of the person. Katrina Roen's Views Katrina Roen is a very famous writer who has written many books and articles concerning the area of intersex. She is the writer of one critically analyzed and reviewed article called â€Å"But We Have to Do Something.† The article has had major reviews from the manner in which Katrina focuses on the issues portrayed by various writers in the field of intersex and intersex surgery. She majorly focuses on the issue of cosmetic surgery in the western society in relation to infants atypically sexed. In her publication, she criticizes the rest of the publications stating that the manner in which they feature the female and human body as a whole is not only demining but also bothering the rest of the population. In the 21st century, many changes have been made in the surgical processes carried out, and this has had great benefits to many people. However, Katrina states that these changes should not be a reason for people to always opt for surgery and especially when dealing with young people and infants. Katrina states that the young and infants are rather vulnerable at their ages and getting them through surgery is a rather traumatic process. She goes ahead to state that parents should take responsibility for their actions as anything may happen in the surgical rooms having authorized the procedures. It is not right for children and infants to go through the strenuous surgical processes as they may have a negative impact on their development, and the outcome is never certain (Roen 42). Katrina also states that taking them through the procedures is rather poor as the kids had no approval of undergoing the procedure. She then advises that parents halt such procedures and just wait for their kids to grow up and make their own decisions as to whether they should undergo the surgery or continue living in their conditions. Another factor that she takes into consideration while going around her discussion is about the work published by feminists and their regard to intersex

A Case study of Educational standards in academic institutions Essay

A Case study of Educational standards in academic institutions - Essay Example Such people quote the opinions of British council of education like agencies; UK has an outstanding global reputation for innovative research and the delivery of quality education and UK qualifications are recognised and respected throughout the world (British Council, n. d), to strengthen their argument. On the other hand, critics of current education system believe that the current educational methods are drilling people to answer "undemanding questions to satisfy the needs of league tables and national targets" and the pupil have less ideas about how to solve problems, use critical thinking or apply mathematics in science etc. Even the better teachers forced to teach to the test to meet the demands of school league tables which draws mainly on the recalling of facts, with no reference to logic or mathematics (BBC News, 2008). As stated above the educational standards in UK is debatable as many educationalists differ in their opinions. Different studies yielded different results and it is necessary to research about the standards of education in UK at present to give the educationalists and the public more comprehensive ideas about the British education system. This research addresses the core questions like; Do the educational standards in UK going up or down? What are the merits and demerits of British educational system at present? What are the major issues in British educational system at present? What about the cost factor and the quality of education in UK at present? Guskey (2008) has defined educational standards as the goals of teaching and learning. He has also pointed out that the major issues prevailing in educational system at present are with respect to the standards (Guskey, 2008, p.1). The call for higher educational standards is a never ending one. The scope or space for improvement in educational system is immense as knowledge is exploding from all the corners, virtually in every minute/second. It is difficult to change the

Corruption in correctional personnel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corruption in correctional personnel - Essay Example The legal scholars and criminologists present in other countries are usually appalled and mystified by the length of the prison sentences taking place in America. Currently there are about 2.3 million prisoners behind bars in America which is more than the number of prisoners held by any other nation(Liptak, 2008). An article published in â€Å"the guardian† in its September 2013 issue exposes that one of the American prison officers named Robert Di-Bona went to work while he was high on ecstasy.The prison officer was also accused for selling steroids to one of the former inmate. A corruption investigation was conducted against the prison officer. Beside the already mentioned allegations, the officer was also accused for providing false evidence to the commission working to eradicate corruption from government institutions. The officer also acted corruptly twice when he went to his duty, which was later found out to be the influence of ecstasy. Other than giving steroids to one of the former inmates, Robert Di-Bona was also found giving prescribed steroids to his fellow officer named Christopher Warren by the watchdog. Both Di-Bona and Warren worked for a special program at the jail. The report submitted by the commission working against corruption in jail found both the men engaged in corrupt activities and were reported using steroids on job. The officer was also accused for using his mobile phone for some kind of social purpose which is against law(Prison officer was high on ecstasy at work, corruption inquiry finds, 2013). If we look further into the matter highlighted in the article we can see that almost 1000 prison officers were found involved in corruption by the service commission. The report also suggest the fact that while most of the prison officers try to operate through honest means, there are still a number of officers that are involved in corrupt practices. There was a report broadcasted by BBC